The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat and Norwegian rat, is a widespread, common species of rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a body length of up to 28 cm (11 in) long, and a tail slightly shorter than that. It weighs between 140 and 500 g (4.9 and 17.6 oz). Thought to have originated in northern China and neighbouring areas, it has now spread to all continents except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America, having become naturalised across the world. With rare exceptions, the brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas. It is omnivorous, reproduces rapidly, and can be a vector for several human diseases.

Studies of wild rats in New York City have shown that populations living in different neighborhoods can evolve distinct genomic profiles over time, by slowly accruing different traits.

Naming and etymology

The brown rat was originally called the “Hanover rat” by people wishing to link problems in 18th-century England with the House of Hanover. It is not known for certain why the brown rat is named Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat), as it did not originate from Norway. However, the English naturalist John Berkenhout, author of the 1769 book Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain, is most likely responsible for popularizing the misnomer. Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name Mus norvegicus, believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728.

Though the assumptions surrounding this species’ origins were not yet the same as modern ones, by the 20th century, it was believed among naturalists that the brown rat did not originate in Norway, rather the species came from central Asia and (likely) China.

Distribution and habitat

Possibly originating from the plains of northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat spread to other parts of the world sometime in the Middle Ages. The question of when brown rats became commensal with humans remains unsettled, but as a species, they have spread and established themselves along routes of human migration and now live almost everywhere humans are.

As it spread from Asia, the brown rat generally displaced the black rat in areas where humans lived. In addition to being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favored the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to weather extremes.

In the absence of humans, brown rats prefer damp environments, such as river banks.[86] However, the great majority are now linked to man-made environments, such as sewage systems. In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.

It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this is considered an urban myth for most cities. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within 20 m (66 ft) of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. It is difficult to determine the extent of their home range because they do not utilize a whole area but rather use regular runways to get from one location to another. Urban rat research is considered to be challenging due to their significant global population size and spatial distribution patterns. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000. Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure and high poverty rates. In 2023, the city appointed Kathleen Corradi as the first Rat Czar, a position created to address the city’s rat population. The position focuses on instituting policies measures to curb the population such as garbage regulation and additional rat trapping. A 2024 study using data from Vancouver found that most municipal complaints about rats were related to garbage, and the rats were often viewed as a symptom of a community issue.

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  • GalaxyBrain [they/them]@hexbear.netEnglish
    7·
    2 months ago

    You know when yoi have such a good dream its almost as bad as a bad dream cause its gone when you wake up? I hage been dreaming a LOT about space and my subconscious makes up semi consistent dreamacapes and while my space communism one is cool af its like bruh, I wanna stick around longer and get to stroy development

      • GalaxyBrain [they/them]@hexbear.netEnglish
        2·
        2 months ago

        It’s more visuals, and i do draw. Writing fiction is fucking hard. It’s juat been a vague thing of being on a space station in orbit of the biggest damn planet ive ever orbitted and a bunch of huge ass ships are docking with big giant rotating rings on em for gravity and a bunch of us are hyped to get on board and then I usually wake up. I have been watching a fuckload of 1970s sci fi movies and building gundams, im in a real space place rn. I have thought of a gundam fanfic idea involving sorta an equivalent of mine removal crew but its getting all the bullets and shrapnel and nuclear fusion reactors out of earth’s orbit after the one year war.

        Edit: ive also been doing experimental industrial/ambient/noise whatever music and it’s secretly all about space as well. Cool networked orbital stations with nig shops going between and not like…planetary colonization stuff, which for the most part is like…good fucking luck guys and I dont like the motive. I have been feeling my profile Pic hard lately

      • GalaxyBrain [they/them]@hexbear.netEnglish
        1·
        2 months ago

        Constantly. I have recurring dream geography. I have my own personal silent Hill for nightmares, it sucks, every jov ive ever worked combined into one, that is busy, everywhere ive traveled in one trip to a place ive never been and outer space. There isnt much narrative consistency but you get yo know your way around. For so.e reason everywhere I worked is also in the same neighborhood as a childhood friend

        • Darthsenio_Mall [he/him]@hexbear.netEnglish
          1·
          2 months ago

          Oh damn I’m jealous honestly, the “to be continued” dreams are always a rare treat for me. I don’t have nightmares that often though; “kinda disconcertingly weird” is as bad as anything gets, usually. That’s interesting dream geography stuff. Minus the silent hill nightmare part, I have vaguely similar categories in terms of job stuff, travel/vacation stuff, and outer space. I have this coastal cove beach setting that connects to my childhood inland midwest neighborhood, then a backrooms-style endless halls kind of deal that’s taken from my movie theater first job, and for the space shit, it changes, but i do have crazy space dreams from time to time, with really detailed craft interiors and big windows and so on.