There are not a lot of studies out there, but most studies I remember reading looked at biological differences in school children and or at the highest level of competition. Some examples with shitty formatting below.
Tiller et al. 2021:
(Sorry for the springer link but try not to use a scihub workaround for the pay wall.)
Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Senefeld and Hunter 2024: Hormonal Basis of Biological Sex Differences in Human Athletic Performance, endocrinology vol 165
(1) sex and gender are not the same; (2) males and females exhibit profound differences in physical performance with males outperforming females in events and sports involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance; (3) endogenous testosterone underpins sex differences in human physical performance with questions remaining on the roles of minipuberty in the sex differences in performance in prepubescent youth and the presence of the Y chromosome (SRY gene expression) in males, on athletic performance across all ages.
Or
Brown, G. A., Shaw, B. S., & Shaw, I. (2024). Sex‐based differences in track running distances of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500m in the 8 and under and 9–10‐year‐old age groups. European Journal of Sport Science, 24(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12075
who found marginal differences in kids during the youth Olympic Games in the USA.
None look specifically at trans athletes, but the small differences in the high competition sports are being used to proclaim a male natural ability to outperform females. It is reflected at all levels of PE class and studies have found that the way PE is being approached as a high competition is putting girls often off of sport. The aggression and risk of injury are often as cited as reasons.
See
Ryan, T., & Poirier, Y. (2012). SECONDARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION AVOIDANCE AND GENDER: PROBLEMS AND ANTIDOTES. International Journal of Instruction.
So in a sense there is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Annyyhow, those examples are only to illustrate what the research is up to and might give you some ideas. Overall the notion men are superior is old and needs to go away especially when we are talking about schools PE class.
There are not a lot of studies out there, but most studies I remember reading looked at biological differences in school children and or at the highest level of competition. Some examples with shitty formatting below.
Tiller et al. 2021: (Sorry for the springer link but try not to use a scihub workaround for the pay wall.)
Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Senefeld and Hunter 2024: Hormonal Basis of Biological Sex Differences in Human Athletic Performance, endocrinology vol 165
Or
Brown, G. A., Shaw, B. S., & Shaw, I. (2024). Sex‐based differences in track running distances of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500m in the 8 and under and 9–10‐year‐old age groups. European Journal of Sport Science, 24(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12075
who found marginal differences in kids during the youth Olympic Games in the USA.
None look specifically at trans athletes, but the small differences in the high competition sports are being used to proclaim a male natural ability to outperform females. It is reflected at all levels of PE class and studies have found that the way PE is being approached as a high competition is putting girls often off of sport. The aggression and risk of injury are often as cited as reasons.
See
So in a sense there is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Annyyhow, those examples are only to illustrate what the research is up to and might give you some ideas. Overall the notion men are superior is old and needs to go away especially when we are talking about schools PE class.
Thanks!