One thing caught my attention though: what did they scrape oil off the skin with? I must see this ancient tool!

The Strigil!

Depiction of an athlete cleaning himself with one, though oftentimes they’d have someone do it for them.

The Emperor Hadrian once came upon a veteran in the public baths scraping his back against a wall. When the Emperor asked him why, the veteran replied that he had no other way to scrape his back. Hadrian, moved by the relative poverty of the veteran, gifted him a slave (look, the ancient world was shitty) and money to maintain himself.

The next time Hadrian went to the baths, there were numerous men scraping their backs against the wall. Hadrian called them all over to him, and then had them pair up and scrape each other.

Also, related to olive oil, there’s a kind of simple pancake that the Romans fried with olive oil, and I can attest that it’s delicious and easy to make.

public ownership dominates the economy,

… the majority of China’s GDP and employment is produced by private companies; many of the state enterprises in the remainder offer stock and dividends to private investors like private companies do.

and a stock market does exist, but what it does I can’t tell you.

… it trades in ownership of firms.

Fascist continues to do incredibly fascist things to the international community.

Fuck.

when our primary hope outside of a sudden mass change in appetite for large-scale action

is hoping that the fascists screw each other’s plans on account of being incompetent, hateful fascist cretins

I hate this timeline.

Jesus fucking Christ.

Explanation: ‘Mail’ is a term for ‘Chain mail’, a type of armor widely used in the Roman Empire (they adopted it from the Gauls, and sometimes called it lorica gallica - ‘Gallic armor’ - for that reason).

Mail also refers to the good ol’ post! The Roman Empire, starting with the Emperor Augustus, established an imperial post system inspired by and modeled after Persian royal post couriers - the Cursus Publicus. While the system was for government business, and not open to public use, there was some amount of commensalistic benefit from the infrastructure installed - you won’t stay at a mansione for free as a private citizen, but it is quite helpfully along just the route any non-government courier would take!

At least one legionary is known (and thus, probably, numerous legionaries) to have asked his family to send him socks and underwear, so other wear isn’t out of the question!

Explanation: ‘Mail’ is a term for ‘Chain mail’, a type of armor widely used in the Roman Empire (they adopted it from the Gauls, and sometimes called it lorica gallica - ‘Gallic armor’ - for that reason).

Mail also refers to the good ol’ post! The Roman Empire, starting with the Emperor Augustus, established an imperial post system inspired by and modeled after Persian royal post couriers - the Cursus Publicus. While the system was for government business, and not open to public use, there was some amount of commensalistic benefit from the infrastructure installed - you won’t stay at a mansione for free as a private citizen, but it is quite helpfully along just the route any non-government courier would take!

They stave off the soul-crushing void of despair and the suicidal urges for me, but not the low-grade dissatisfaction with being alive.

Alright, alright, now that I’m awake and fed and done my daily posts, I can satisfy your curiosities at least a little bit. I didn’t think there would be so many people asking, I just picked a random obscure Roman topic. XD

So, North Africa was, during the Roman Empire, a major commercial and agricultural hub. It was, in fact, the second-richest province in the Western half of the Empire, just behind Italy itself. The reasons for this are numerous, but two of the biggest were grain export (as the city of Rome, in particular, was a massive market for wheat), and olive oil export. Olive oil in the Roman Empire was extremely important - not just in cuisine (a staple for rich and poor, legionary and civilian, Britain to Syria), but also as lamp fuel, lubricant for wheels and machinery, bathing (it was scraped off the skin with a special tool), sunscreen for athletes, cosmetics, and even as medicine (though perhaps the Roman conception of food as having medical properties makes this less surprising than it would otherwise be).

Notably, there’s extensive evidence for both large-scale olive oil processing by elites with access to significant amounts of capital as well as fairly primitive homestead-presses from well-off freeman farmers that nonetheless are thought to have been able to produce a considerable surplus for export (at least, considerable from the point of view of a single village).

While the resulting mash often remained locally, being used for animal feed, fertilizer, or fuel, the olive oil itself, of varying grades and quantities, was exported all across the Empire. That North African pottery was also produced on a massive scale for export helped - both ‘mid-grade’ African Red Slip (what a well-off peasant or day-laborer might bring out as tableware when the in-laws come 'round) and utilitarian clay amphorae for transport.

Many of the places the olive oil would be exported to, like Italy, Spain, and Syria, were suitable climates for growing olives themselves - it was not an absolute inability to acquire olive oil locally that drove this trade, but comparative advantage - that, even including transport costs, it was more profitable for these regions to acquire at least some of their olive oil from far-off Africa than try to produce all of it themselves at the expense of other uses for the land. Olive oil also has the advantage of keeping for a good bit of time, unlike foodstuffs which rot quickly and can only be transported a short distance by cart or sailing ship.

The apparatus of the Empire itself found an interest in encouraging this trade, though the primary concern was usually grain for the ever-hungry city of Rome, which may have numbered a million(!) people at the time. There is widespread evidence of free distribution of ‘waste’ (uncultivated but theoretically arable) land by the Imperial apparatus to North African farmers simply for pledging to make agricultural use of the land.

There was a study I read a bit back which identified hundreds of olive oil mills in modern-day Libya that were primarily active during the Greek and Roman periods, not for sustained periods afterwards. In other words, in the Greek and Roman periods, North Africa was producing considerably more olive oil than it would for hundreds of years after the decline of Roman power. Olive oil is more reliant on stability than other common crops - olive trees need years to mature, during which the farmer is financially vulnerable. And if unrest or disaster causes the destruction of some or all of the orchard, that’s 5-10 years down the drain for nothing.

After the Arab invasions in the 7th century AD, much of this productive capacity was lost - not necessarily because of any particular failings on the part of the new rulers, but simply because long-distance trade before the modern day is always in very fragile equilibrium, and “What was once under the control of one polity is now split between two intermittently hostile polities” is not conducive to trade. The stability, security, and economy of scale (particularly regarding the size of the market) enjoyed under the Empire (admittedly in decline at that point anyway) was washed away by the winds of political upheaval. C’est la vie!

I could say more, but this is already long and there’s a thunderstorm and I don’t want to lose all of this, so I’ll end it here. XD

@Admax@lemmy.world @SnortsGarlicPowder@lemmy.zip @otter@lemmy.dbzer0.com @HKPiax@lemmy.world @PyroNeurosis@lemmy.blahaj.zone

1. ‘Market’ is separate from ‘Stock Market’. The Stock Market is a specifically capitalist financial instrument and innovation whose entire purpose is to facilitate private ownership of the means of production by an investor class - ie, capitalism.

2. ‘Slave economy’ is not mutually exclusive with capitalism.

3. The economy of the early Roman Empire is a kind of proto-mercantilist proto-capitalist position wherein both advanced investor ownership (such as legalistic forms of corporate personhood, limited liability firms, and, by some arguments, joint-stock companies) and traditional economic forms co-existed, not unlike 18th century Russia.

not every market economy is a capitalist market economy

Ah, the People’s Stock Market, the People’s Investors, and the People’s Billionaires. Of course.

democratic participation seems to exist too, just not in a western liberal democratic way where parties fight against each other, but rather where internal factions inside the communist party and a few associated parties fight each other, and where change must come from within.

You might as well say democratic participation existed in the Soviet Union.

china has genuinely, using its own methods, lifted hundreds of millions of people out of dead end poverty,

Yes, by [checks notes] adopting a capitalist economic regime in the 90s and creating massive and rapidly rising inequality.

Truly a stunning repudiation of capitalism.

If it wasn’t 4:30 in the morning, I could actually give you a rundown XD

My favorite part is at the end, when you evil all over his residence, he brings the whole thing to a book end with his dying breath, saying, “You did it, Ethan. Now you’re the Resident Evil.”

Pure pottery.

3

It’s still possible that they will. The incompetence of the current regime even in executing their fascist dreams is… immense.

However, if midterms do mean something, it sure as shit won’t be because of any competence displayed by the Dem leadership in this time of fucking crisis.

What interesting fucking times we live in.

You have more faith in my countrymen than I do.

Oh, is that what we’re gambling on? The goldfish memory of the American electorate?